Task 3

Critical Studies Essay Proposal Form

Provisional Essay Title- How women are seen in films

Main Issues addressed by your essay and thrust of your arguement-
The gaze- How women are seen in films and how social and cultural issues have influenced this.

Look at a comtemporary film picking out any Chacracteristics of the Gaze to prove it still exists in modern day films.

What visual material will you look at?-

Taken, directed by Pierre Morel

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CvUxdQ4q-Lg trailer

psychoanalysis, The Gaze, Identity.

which specific theorists/writers will you refer to?

John Berger
Laura Mulvey
Daniel Chandler
Sigmund Freud

Globalization, sustainablity and the media

Notes taken in lecture
I only caught the second half of this lecture but from my notes have tried to make a clearer understanding of it.

Do certain countries dominate culture?

Globalization is something which is on the increase and is resulting in the world turning to America to take on its western cultures this is leading to the assumption that the caucasian culture is something to aspire to.

Most news, cultural, factual, and entertainment corporations are now owned by time warner which have created and is now providing us with a commercial culture with the same messages on different subjects to suit their cultural needs. This in effect is taking more and more power and money away from smaller corporations in eastern countries that then can't develop their own cultures, and is making us more dependable on America.

Examples of globalization

• The speading of culture lifestyle, and attitudes to life which leaves to one world with an all american dream.


• There has been things like skin lightening creams which have encourage the eastern world into believing white, is the way to a better life.


• this has lead to one culture and a western dominated world.

In doing this there has been no consideration to the potential affects on the planet which has now lead to global warming.

Global warming was made an example of in the lecture

we talked about:

Green washing- a tactic move inorder to encourage the public to continue to buy into things which are said to be 'environmentall friendly' this takes away the guilt but inevitably is still damage us and the planet.

The media is telling us that Global warming is on the rise and is encouraging us to do something about it. We are being manipulated into believing we are the result of this global mess and that we are responsible for cleaning it up. they have created even more things which they green wash and encourage us to buy but if we look closely at where they have come from the result was the same in that something had to be distroyed to make it.

If we look at current estimates on which countries pump out the most emissions it is clear that there is a serious case of pollition going on in America which adds up to the most then China, and then filters down further. A large percentage of these emissions are being pumped out by big factories which are making billions of pound every year, but yet we are the ones who have to pay for it. This is a mere example of how the media influenced by these corporations, can manipulate society into believing we should all conform to behaving in a certain way depending on the business and financial status of the western world and the result is always so that the big bosses at the top can make maximum amounts of money for themselves.

Channel 4 did a documentary called 'Great global warming swindle', which investigated the topic, and they faced a controversy as it was found that they used selective information to prove the government was lying about how serious this subject was.

According to ofcom as long as a topic is debateable it is ok for there to be controversy and selective information released except in the news, but as soon as it has been proven then there is no excuse for using selective facts to create a story. So it makes me think through magazines, the newspaper are we being told some untruths?

Channel 4 was questioning whether human activity played a large part in the effects of global warming, and according to scientist this has been proven. This makes it sound as thought we are at fault, but compared to what the government owned factories are creating id consider human pollution to be a less of a problem. Or maybe thats the human activity they are refering to after all we require the factories dont we to make all our 'commodities'.

Bibliography

Ofcom, Office of communication. http://lightbucket.wordpress.com/2008/07/25/great-global-warming-swindle-ofcoms-rulings/-26/02/2010

Lecture notes.

Hyper-reality and Virtual reality

Over The hegde
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BE77igZczlI Trailer
Whilst in this lecture I was reminded of the film Over The hedge by dreamworks 2006. The lecture talked about how we as a society are becoming more and more obsessed by possessing, and this is a result of mass production and Capitalism.

The film is about a hungry animal RJ who trys to steal food from an angry bear but instead all the food is distroyed by a truck as a result of it all rollng down a hill in a trolley. The bear gives RJ a week to fill the trolley back up with all the food or else he will get eaten.
As RJ goes in search of food the first place he stops is a dangerous place where only humans are allowed, Over the hedge. As collecting all the food is too much work for him alone, he decides to pursuade other animals in the park to come with him, whilst lying to them about his real moto.
So they all go on search to find real food, the convient mass produced food we eat which doesnt grow naturally. This is where you see in the film how detached us as humans have become from nature and reality and instead how we are so greedy and over indulgent on things which create a false reality, this is due to Ideological control.
As a result of lying RJ losses all of his 'real' friends as he is found out.
To me this goes back to the idea that with Globalization someone always has a underlying moto which as a result they will benefit from it the most, and then turn on us when stuff like global warming takes place.




Lecture notes

Communication Theory

Notes taken in lecture
As a Visual Communicator I am always looking at the possiblities of communicating a message effectively and trying to answer important questions which will make my work more successful such as

'who say what to whom in what channel with what effect' Harold Lasswell's maxim

This is a quote from Lasswell on the different stages of Communication such as

Who is the communicator?
What is their message?
How are they communicating?
and who are they communicating to?

According to theorists there are 7 different communication theory traditions which are:

Rhetorical-key theorists Plato, Aristotle, and Cicero
Semiotic- Key Theorists Saussure, Barthes, Eco
Phenomenological-'' '' Husserl, Merleau-Ponty
Cybernetic/information systems-'' '' Shannon and Weaver, Chang-Gen Bahg
Socio-Psychological- '' '' Cialdini, Petty, Zimbardo
Socio-Culture- '' '' Vygotsky, Rogoff
Critical- '' '' Bourdieu, Faocoult

We communicate everyday and because we transmit these messages to and from each other verbally, it has been proven that communication can be miss understood due to the process it goes through whilst travelling from one brain to another. There are 3 different potential communication problems-

Technical-Accuracy
Semantic-Precision of language
Effectiveness-Does message effect one?



Shannon and weaver's model of communication explains how this process happens.



Image taken from
www.shkaminski.com/Classes/images/Shannon-Weaver%20model.gif-26/02/2010

This model explains how communication works
Info source-Brain
Transmitter-Mouth
Channel-message travels through noise interferance
Receiver- ears
Desination- Brain which makes a meaning out of what has been said

As you can see there is a long process in which the message goes through and so this is why Claude Shannon's suggest that this is why the meaning behind the message can be interfered with. http://stevefournier01.tripod.com-26/02/2010


John Berger also suggests that seeing things a certain way can be altered by our life experiences.

'The way we see things is affected by what we know and what we believe'- John Berger

Semiotics is also a system language which communicates to us on a sub-concious level everyday-As Daniel Chandler gives an introduction to Semiotics and its key thinkers he says
'Semiotics is the study not only of what we refer to as 'signs' in everyday speech, but of anything which 'stands for' something else. In a semiotic sense, signs take the form of words, images, sounds, gestures and odjects'-Daniel Chandler, Semiotics for beginners

To get me thinking about the communication theory I decided to look at narrative within film and look for any of the communication traditions to try understand the film better.

Thinking about narrative
Narrative originates from old folktales and nursery rhymes which have developed over the years into books, films, and other forms of visual communication, but the meanings and messages behind these narratives are something which have lasted throughout time.

Jonathon Young said in his article:Once upon a time.
How fairytales shape our lives.Inside Magazine fall 1997
"we see that all the characters can represent aspects of our own personalities. These tales are psychological mirrors and we become more complex as we mature. The storytellers intentionally loaded the adventures with heavy symbolism to reveal more meanings as we develop a deeper awareness of ourselves. Bedtime stories have enormous influence over our identities. People identify with certain characters in the stories they heard in childhood. To some degree, many live out these stories, largely unaware of how much the old tales may be shaping our lives."
"We must hold them (stories)ct gently for a time until they deliver their message to us. The effects of what we learn might well last for a lifetime."http://www.folkstory.com/articles/onceupon.html

From reading the article I found that the reason why Romantic Comedies continue to be successful although very repetitive in theme, plot, and style is because they appeal to our deepest dreams and hopes which have been manipulated by ideology.
We could associate this behaviour with the socio-psychological and socio-cultural communication tradition where one behaves a certain way through being influenced by society for instance. In this case it is saying we grow up with certain expectations of ourselves because this is what we are told should happen at such a young age and we conform to that.

Looking at film Romantic comedies in particular they all seem to be based on ideals to we have created and society has now become transfixed on the idea that this is what is supposed to happen in real life to be truely happy.
When we listen to a story or we watch a film which has derived from a folktale (e.g romantic) it always contains character types which are based on what we see as ideals and appeals to us, whether it be heart throb/damsel in distress/villan and we naturally want to be statisfied by a film/program and we always want a happy ending. This movie is amongst many movies brought out each year which all share a similar theme. Looking at Rom-Coms you can see a theme there is always a boy and girl at logger heads who eventually fall in love what ever happens in the middle just bulks the film out, there is no surprises the same things happens in them all. This trend within these films and stories have resulted in us becoming transfixed with life being about growing up, finding love and living happily ever after. For most of us we see it as an essential stage in life for one to remain ‘normal’ and to be happy. These ideas have been passed down through generations of Fairytales and into society.

This is where we can see how this type of film may communicate a different message to its audience depending on gender and cultural experience and expectations. A woman for instance will relate and interact with a romantic comedy differently that to what a man will simple because of her life experiences as a woman, because of the expectations society have of women which has had an infulence on her behaviour, and because of the way she interacts with others this is the phenomenological tradition.

'We never look at just one thing; we are always looking at the relation between things and ourselves. Our vision is continually active, continually moving, Continually holding things in a circle around itself, constituting what is present to us as we are'- John Berger pg 9

I did an informed analysis on How to lose a guy in 10 days and this was very benificial as it encouraged me to think about how visual language is used within films, to create a mood, or to give an underlying message to its audience. This proved quite effective as I was able to think about the semiotic denotations and connotations throughout each scene.

2003 Romantic Comedy, How to lose a guy in 10 days, directed by Donald Petrie.
The film what made an estimated £11,009,445.28 worldwide is based on a self help book that has the same name and written by Michele Alexander and Jeannie Long.
The film was produced and distributed by Paramount pictures and released on the 7th February 2003 in the USA. Releasing a film of this sort, around Valentines Day was a tactical marketing strategy.

The film itself is based on a journalist Andy Anderson (Kate Hudson) who is bored of her job, which entails writing ‘How to’ articles for the company magazine Composure. To persuade her boss to let her write more freely about more important things she sets herself a task in which she has to date a guy for 10 days where she has to do ‘all the things women tend to do wrong’ and record her experiences for the article. In the hope other women will learn from it (her friends).
On the other hand Benjamin Barry (Matthew McConaughey) tells his boss he can make any girl fall in love with him. Showing how confident he is about this statement, he allows his female colleges to choose a random woman of their choice (Andy) who he will date. To prove she has fallen for him he will bring her to the company ball.

Without seeing the movie, reading the synopsis and looking at the poster for the semiotic tradition you can see that it gives a lot away about what kind of film this is going to be.
These are two Characters who have set themselves similar tasks but at opposite ends of the scale.
You can imagine they will be playing a game of tug of war throughout the film which is obviously going to create tension.The synopsis gives a lot away about the characters as well, you can imagine Andy being quite intelligent, Independent, popular and career minded. Whilst Benjamin being quite a man’s man, arrogant, egoistic and confident.
Looking at the poster there are also obvious signs that these two characters will not get on as their backs are against each other, but still they are showing some interest in the opposite sex as their expressions show. We are able to pick up these semiotic signs and are able to understand what the movie is communicating because in the real world we learn through experiences and through what culture teaches us that green means go and red means stop, and we pick these connotations and denontations sub-conciously.

"Semiotics tells us things we already know in a language we will never understand."
--- Paddy Whannel




The film gives a clear out line that Andy is being forced to be this stereotypical ‘hair headed blonde’ who uses her female attributes and attractiveness to get the ‘how to’ articles done. But you actually find having a good intellectual career is all she wants.
This character type gives you the impression the Director has based her on the ideals every man wants, but also the idea that ever man has, about women being able to turn on/off the ‘I’m a woman’ button. Ideology and the scientific study on the male species has also taught us that men are attracted to a certain ‘type’ of woman, with blondes (stereotypical idea) being the most attractive and fun (Andy). This ‘type’ not only refers to a sexy and good looking woman, but also a woman who can take care of herself and who is intelligent (Andy).

John Berger also suggests in his book Ways of seeing:

'Women are depicted in quite a diffrent way to men-not because the feminine is diffrent from the masculine- but because the 'ideal spectator is always assumed a male and the image of a woman is designed to flatter him' pg 64

The character Ben on the other hand also shares the same drive, but having all the stereotypical traits women think all men have such as ‘egoistic, arrogant, foreign body, and macho man’. Our own life experiences tell us these two characters are not going to get on and as it goes, Women are from Venus and Men from Mars, the story follows on with this trend.

The lighting, colours and costumes throughout these scenes are very gender distinguished too. There are colours such as blue for male shots and softer oranges and reds for female shots with these also being the brighter lit shots too.Their costumes are also very formal and serious until you see them falling for each other where their cloths start to get looser and softer.
The camera shots show a lot too as they very rarely share a shot until the turning point of the film. This all works towards giving the viewer a certain feeling and message of conflict within the film and the film does it exceptionally well.

'Seeing comes before words. The child looks and regognizes before it can speak'John Berger pg7

I would definitely say this film is more appealing to women, but I also can’t help thinking it is an insult to women. In my opinion it is just another film to add to the chain of films, which women are slaves to feeling like they have to live up to. Being based on a self help book, just like the 1950’s how to be a good wife mag, it’s a modern version of how the incapable woman can improve herself.
With it being said that these ‘Stories’ are something we can all relate to it on so many levels, there is nothing challenging about its narrative or hidden concept. It is just a film about an unrealistic but ‘ideal’ take on life between the sexes and is very much gender driven.

These films will continue to be popular with movie goers because they appeal to our inner dreams and expectations of ourselves and society. Creating certain techniques such as semiotic signs, theme, songs, settings, camera movements, sounds, lighting, and editing effects communicates something and allows the audience to connect in some way to what they are watching whilst also making a judgement based on their own situation, and attitude towards culture and society.

Bibliography
http://jcomm.uoregon.edu/~cbybee/j201/overheads/whannel_quote.htm-semiotic quote-04/02/2010
handouts on Visual Language.
Communication theory lecture notes
Reality V’s Hyper-reality and The Gaze Critical Study lecture notes
Web
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0306734/synopsis
http://www.imbd.com-reviews/
http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0005028/ -K, Hudson movie profile/biography
http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000190/ -M, McConaughey movie profile/biography
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0251127/ - How to lose a guy in 10 days movie profile
http://uk.rottentomatoes.com/m/how_to_lose_a_guy_in_10_days/ - Reviews.
http://www.folkstory.com/articles/onceupon.html-article by Jonathan Young, Inside Magazine, fall 1997.
http://www.the-numbers.com/movies/2003/LOSEG.php- Budget and earnings
http://www.the-numbers.com/people/directors/0DPET.php- Donald Petrie profile/biography
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaze
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist_film_theory
www.boxofficereviews.com
www.youtube.com/ trailers
-The lord of the rings: Return of the king
-The matrix Reloaded
-spy kid 2
-Somethings gotta give.
Filmography

(Romantic Comedies)
How to lose a guy in 10 days directed by Donald Petrie.
Somethings gotta give trailer- Directed by Nancy Meyers

(Epic Fantasy)
The lord of the rings :Return of the king trailer- Directed by Peter Jackson

(Action/Adventure virtual realty film)
Spy Kid Trailer- Directed by Robert Rodriguez

(Science fiction)
The matrix Reloaded- Directed by the Wachowski brothers
Stephen M. Fournier. http://stevefournier01.tripod.com/hist/hist-6.html-%2026/02/2010
Young Jonathan. Once upon a time, how fairytales shape our lives. Inside magazine. 1997
Berger, John. Ways of Seeing. The british broadcasting Corporation and Penguin Books. London. 1972
Chandler, Daniel. Semiotics for beginners. www.aber.ac.uk/media/documents/s4b/sem01.html. 26/02/2010
Paddy Whannel http://jcomm.uoregon.edu-quote/. 26/02/2010

Panopticism and Task 1

Notes taken in lecture.
Week one Panopticism

Institutional power-family army

The lecture talks about Micheal Foucault's idea that a disciplinary society is a way of making individuals more 'useful'.

'This enclosed, segmented space, observed at every point, in which the individuals are inserted in a fixed place, in which the slightest movements are supervised, in which all events are being recorded' M, Foucault

'-all this constitutes a compact model of the disciplinary mechanism'. M, Faucoult

All these are the key ways in which discipline can be implemented, where an individual is monitored and scrutinised, and a perfect example of the way panopticism works.
M, Faucoult goes on to explain how this situation was once a ' political dream'. Where there became chaos there was an opportunity for the magistrates to oppose order and take control as people feared dying as a result of a disease and through disobedience. The powerful took advantage of that because it left the common people no option but to abide.

Task 1

CCTV is something in society which could be considered a way of controlling us. Each street in our cities and towns are lined with cameras which the theory behind panopticism could suggest is what's going towards keeping society under control. As Micheal Faucoult suggests 'Visibility is a trap'.

As Faultcout talks about within his article on 'panopticism', exclusion during the plague was one type of Panoptic control where one was hidden away in darkness, and gave the magistrates the best opportunity to exclude 'lepers' from the community branding them (Who he is; where he must be; how he is to be characterised; how he is to be recognised; how constant surveillance is to be exercised over him in an individual way) Faucoult (pg. ) which led to self discipline. You can see the link between this panoptic control forced upon society during the plague and the panoptic control forced upon society today through these CCTV cameras, the only difference is now it is not a physical force but a psychological one. 'In short, it reverses the principle of the dungeon;or rather of its three functions ( which was the control implemented during the plague)-to enclose, to deprive of light and to hide- it preserves only the first and eliminates the other two. Full lighting and the eye of the supervisor capture better than darkness, which ultimately protected'. M. Faulcoult (p.80)

CCTV is not at all wrong as people in communities see it as a way of protection as they believe there is always someone watching behind the camera and there have been crimes committed and CCTV has been proven to have helped identify the crime or the identity of the criminal 'The panoptic mechanism arranges spatial unites that makes it possible to see constantly and to recognise immediately.M. Faucoult (p.80).

M.Faucoult also suggests this type of control can be implemented as long as we 'think' there is someone watch as no-one has to be watching at all for this type of panoptic control to take place. On the other hand with every other type of panoptic control we have looked at through our lectures Faucoult suggests 'Where there is power, there is resistance', the 'madman' in society will not conform to the way society has to behave.

This panoptic discipline has also continued to put society in stereotypical boxes which we maintain by self monitoring and self correcting, as there are a large amount of CCTV cameras mounted in 'high crime' areas this and the medias help, stop people from wanting to go into or live in certain areas. But this is an extreme view of probably a small proportion of crime. This could also be breeding more crime in other areas where criminals know they may not be seen or criminals could come up with ways of committing crime without being seen.

Overall panoptic discipline makes us more productive creating 'docile bodies' within society, it makes us feel safe without there being anyone even watching, or can also corrupt communities even more. But most of all 'The first is that a pure community, the second that of a disciplinary community' 'that is the utopia of a perfect governed city' M, Faucoult (p.89). In society we are expected to and want to conform to being 'docile bodies' and more 'productive' for fear of exclusion.

other lecture notes

Here is the model of the panopticon designed by J, Bentham.

Presidio Modelo Prison, Cubo.

Panoptic model prison.

Micheal Foucaults uses the model of the panopticon designed by Jeremy Bentham, as a metaphor to describe how this power works in everyday society. You are seen but can not see this psychological power which automatically forces us to conform to a certain way of living and discipline ourselves without there being any physical force, like during the plague. This is the power of panopticism.

Inside the prison

Built in 1926-1931, held 6000 prisoners

Michel Foucaults states in Chapter 8 on Panopticism, Pg 82

"Hence the major effect of the Panopticon: to induce in the inmate a state of conscious and permanent visibility that assures the automatic functioning of power. So to arrange things that the surveillance is permanent in its effects, even if it is discontinuous in its action; that the perfection of power should tend to render its actual exercise unnecessary; that this architectural apparatus should be a machine for creating and sustaining a power relation independent of the person who exercises it; in short, that the inmates should be caught up in a power situation of which they are themselves the bearers. To achieve this, it is at once too much and too little that the prisoner should be constantly observed by an inspector: too little, for what matters is that he knows himself to be observed; too much, because he has no need in fact of being so. In view of this, Bentham laid down the principle that power should be visible and unverifiable. Visible: the inmate will constantly have before his eyes the tall outline of the central tower from which he is spied upon. Unverifiable: the inmate must never know whether he is being looked at at any one moment; but he must be sure that he may always be so. In order to make the presence or absence of the inspector unverifiable, so that the prisoners, in their cells, cannot even see a shadow, Bentham envisaged not only venetian blinds on the windows of the central observation hall, but, on the inside, partitions that intersected the hall at right angles and, in order to pass from one quarter to the other, not doors but zig-zag openings; for the slightest noise, a gleam of light, a brightness in a half-opened door would betray the presence of the guardian. The Panopticon is a machine for dissociating the see/being seen dyad: in the peripheric ring, one is totally seen, without ever seeing; in the central tower, one sees everything without ever being seen."

During the lecture we also talked about other types of discipline -

Houses of correction-the physical discipline

In the late 1600's if society saw an individual as a 'madman', he would be banished from the community and sent to a 'House of Correction' this was to curb unemployment.

These houses were set up in order to not just hide away someone they deemed idol in society, but they were also set up to 'train' these people to be better productive bodies.

According to An Introduction and notes by Muller, Jill on the Charles Dickens Classic Oliver Twist (pg103), it is said that Charles Dickens based the character Mr Fang on Allan Laing a London Magistrate who sent 3 youths to the house of correction for singing in the street.

These houses disciplined what they would call 'madmen' using physical force and because theses 'madmen' had been taken out of a society and put together, they became more corrupt by each other which led to to even more immoral and criminal activity in the houses.

The techniques of discipline which took place in these houses ranged from, public hangings, and the pillory etc:

Sir William Wallace

The torture which included the drawing, hanging and quartering of William Wallace is a perfect example as to how this form of control works. Edward I, also know as longshanks and king of England introduced this as a suitable punishment for treason where one would be dragged through the streets, cut open, disemboweled alive and then finally beheaded or hung. It is said that Edward Longshanks not only introduced this as a punishment but also for entertainment value.

This form of discipline not only punishes the condemned prisoner for the crime committed, but more importantly acted as a warning to others as to what will happen if they step out of line despite them being right or wrong.

Taken from The Baronage Press and Pegasus Associates Ltd, the article talks about why these things were put in place, it states that

'The grisly, grotesque nature of the killing was explained in the severe language of the law with the intention that it should terrify the listeners and augment the misery of the man whose body was shortly to fulfil the role of lecture aid'.

England did not stop this form of punishment until 1870.

The birth of Asylum

As the houses of correction were becoming more corrupt and less successful at disciplining 'madmen', The form of control turned from physical to mental something which has shaped the way society has behaved ever since.

Then came the prison with the panoptic layout.

Pentoville prison uses the panoptic model

Some office layouts use the panoptic model

.

Phone Booth

Summary taken fromhttp://www.starpulse.com/Movies/Phone_Booth/Summary/-23/02/2010

One man's life is thrown into turmoil by picking up a telephone in this claustrophobic thriller. Stu Shepard (Colin_Farrell) is a brash, cynical, and self-centered public relations man who juggles a busy career with both a wife, Kelly (Radha_Mitchell), and a mistress, Pamela (Katie_Holmes). Stu steps into a phone booth on a busy New York street to make a call to Pamela without Kelly being the wiser, but as soon as Stu hangs up, the phone begins to ring. Curious, Stu picks it up -- and a stranger on the other end (voice of Kiefer_Sutherland) informs him that if he hangs up the phone, he'll be shot. The red dot of an infrared rifle scope convinces Stu that the caller means business, and when another man tries to make his way into the booth, he's shot mere inches from Stu, calling the attention of the police. Captain Ramey (Forest_Whitaker) naturally assumes that Stu was the killer, as Stu struggles to find a way to convince the police of what's happening before more lives are lost, without leaving the booth and putting his own life on the line. At one time proposed as a vehicle for Jim_Carrey, Phone Booth was directed by Joel_Schumacher, from a screenplay by exploitation icon Larry Cohen.

In the movie Phone Booth there is a reverse role in the set up of the panopicon with the main character Stu being at the centre of the attention with everyone else looking towards him, but the same applies, 'Visibility is a trap', We see the main character Stu in the film being control by an unknown man over the telephone. Although this man on the telephone is no-where to be seen and is less powerful that the police that are trying to help Stu come out of the booth, the fear of Stu knowing he is being watched but not being able to see, and for fear of being exposed and scrutinised is what is trapping him inside that phone booth without any physical force at all, this is a good example of the power panopitic control can have.

Bibliography

http://www.starpulse.com/Movies/Phone_Booth/Summary/-23/02/2010

http://www.baronage.co.uk/bphtm-01/wallace3.html-22/02/2010

Dickens, Charles. Muller, Jill. 'Oliver Twist: an Introduction and notes by Jill Muller. Barnes and Nobles Classics. New York. 2003 (pg 103) - Google books, http://books.google.com/books?id=JsXq_iUpQ9EC&pg=PA468&lpg=PA468&dq=allen+laing+sent+three+youths+to+the+house+of+corection&source=bl&ots=OBJhENLy3h&sig=pnSNMGMoQR_zTH--8tu_0SOSANw&hl=en&ei=wPSDS6iWGpa6jAeAi-SJAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CAwQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=&f=false -23/02/2010

Introduction:The panopticon. The theory of Surveillance. The panopticon. Foucault, Michel. Discipline and punishment:the birth of Prison. NY, Vintage Books, 1995 pg 195-228

http://cartome.org/panopticon1.htm-23/02/2010

HANDOUT-Foucault, Michel. Panopticism. Chapter 8.Pg 82
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidio_Modelo- Pictures of prison-24/02/2010
http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2008/11/14/1226684303110/Pentonville.jpg-pentoville picture24/02/2010

Lecture notes on moodle

The Baronage Press and Pegasus Associates Ltd
http://www.baronage.co.uk/bphtm-01/wallace3.html - 17/02/10